On Jan 17, 2009, Tom Goehner, the recently constituted Cloth Museum Conservator of Teaching, presented
Samy Rabinovic, of Philadelphia,
as the utterer ina Material Museum, Carpeting and Material Grasp Morn plan on the topic `` Coloring as a Tool to Identify Anatolian Carpets. ''
Samy started by citing Jon Thompson 's typology of the assorted types of oriental rugs, firstly printed in his `` Rug Thaumaturgy, '' volume in 1983.
Samy stated that, traditionally, carpetings were classifed principally in footings of where they were done. Kashan, Bokhara, Konya, Tabriz, Heriz, etc.
He stated that Thompsonproposed four groupings of rug groupings based on thevarious contextsin which they were interwoven.
The four groupings are:
Tribal
, done principally for the weavers ' ain utilization and oftentimes interwoven by nomads. In thiscategory are such tribal groupings as Lurs, Bakhtiaris, Afshars ( Persian ), Kurds, Amenians, Lezghi 's ( from the Caucasus ), Yuruks; Anatolian Turkic folks, plus Kurds and Armenians; Key Asian folks, including Turkoman, Uzbeks, Khirghiz, Karakalpaks, etc.
Bungalow or Settlement
, ofttimes with slightlymore perplexed designs, including more refined delimitations, to be sold in local marketplaces. Here geographical appellatives still utilise and include such locations as Heriz, Bijar, HamadaninIran and others, such as Bergama, Konya and Ladik in Anatolia.
Metropolis,
commercial weavings. Here the weaver is sayed what toweave.Kashan, Aspadana, Qumand Nain, inIran; and Usak, Hereke, Panderma and Kumkapi, in Anatolia, are oftentimes adverted as cases of this grouping.
Tribunal Carpetings
, done in such spots as India ( Mughal ), Turkey ( Osmanli ) and Persia ( Safavid ) tribunals.
Samy told that thecarpets we would be handling in that session would mostly be those that would consort Thompson 's bungalow or settlement
class, although some mightbe attributable to the tribal or mobile
grouping
Samy is prepared as a chemist and told that he got to look at colorise carpetings and textilesin 1984, worked by that background, also as by his conversancy with Harald Bohmer, of DOBAG renown. Samy told this view on color modified the manner he looked at carpets, especially those fromAnatolia.
He told that he came to see that colors were applied, broadly uttering, in different slipways in different parts of Turkey and that such color utilisations could be an important index of where a given piece was likely woven.
Still in his prelims therein presentation, he recured to a color wheel demonstrated in black-and-white, but with a key for secernating classes of colors ( seeRef.1 ):
Here is a slightly similar color wheel in color from the net.
http://www.artsparx.com/colorwheel.asp
To resume from the labeling in Samy 's `` black-white '' color graphical above:
Primary colors: ruby, blueish, xanthous
Secondary colors: light-green, violet, orange
3rd colors: mahogany-red, teal, brownish-yellow
He stated that the opinion that there are noticeable shapes in the exercise of color by weavers of particular types or particularly areasis not a new thought.
Iranian weavers in Nainoften appear to favour soft yellownesses and saphireblue.
Caucasic weavers utilise chiefly primary colors.
The Baluch are celebrated for employing mostly darker, correspondent colors with white highlights.
And, naturally, Turcoman interweaving is a close synonym for `` ruddy carpeting. ''
He stated he conceived that color usagealso altered, instead consistently, by geographics in Anatolia, and that he wouldattempt to instance and use the color use inclinations that he believed were seeable and thatcould be employed as an assistance to attributionof Anatolian weavings.
He told that assorted proposals hold been done about utile shipways of dissever Anatolia for designs of carpet and fabric analysis.
In a release he furnished this black-and-white map ( Referee: Dr. Bohmer 's book, Carpetings of Anatolia ).
Here is a colourize map that may be a trifle easier to do out here.
Samy stated that forthe intention of his color employment thesis he would definethree wide countries.
Equally early as 1900 Mumford ( and again in 1911, Lewis ) classed Turkish carpetings as Izmir ( Western Anatolia ) and Konya ( Exchange Anatolia ) carpetings.
Today we delimitate Western Anatolian Rug ( See Referee 1: Carpets of Anatolia,
by Tungsten Bruggemann and H Bohmer ), the whole western component of Anatolia, commencing with Canakkale, all the manner South to Fethiye ( renowned for `` Megri '' carpetings ).
Stillly, with a closer face at the color distribution or color pallet applied in Western Anatolian rugs, it is easy to differentiate two countries.
The first, north of Izmir, commencing with Bergama, all the fashion to Canakkale, with Ezine, Yuncu, and Balikesir in between.
Therein northern country, the primary colors are ruddy and bluish with minor sums of yellowness.
The 2d western country issouth of Izmir. Herewe detect not only rednesses and bluenesses, but too yellowish, sometimes two sunglasses of yellowness, as is the example with Megri carpetings; purpleness as in Cal ( nearAydin ), Milas and Ushak rugs.
There may be tribal influences seeable in these color differences between these northern and southern countries of western Anatolia.
( An importantcomment, therein context, was done by Harold Keshishian from the audience. Harold stated that a aggregator friend of his referred to `` ADA Milas '' carpetings of the 18th and 19th centuries as interwoven by Greeks. ) Even ifcarpets from this country were not interwoven by Greeks, the differences in color pallet between the North and south western Anatolia make propose different influences.
Cardinal Anatolian carpets, the 2nd country Samy denominate, holds been delineate, he stated, differently by different people.
He followed a triangulararea ( it Holds really pulled on the black-and-white map above, the country delineate by Bohmer et al, but may be difficult to see ). Delineate on the west by an roughly perpendicular line from Eskisehir northwards to Mut, near the Mediterranian south. Its northern bounds is an west-east line from Eskisehir through Ankara to Sivas. An eastern bound of this cardinal Anatolian country is delineate by a line from Sivas northerly to Mut to the south. Konya is oft considered asthe `` Centre '' of key Anatolia, but it is really on the western side of this trigon and of the existent Centre of Anatolia itself.
Other geographical locations therein Exchange Anatolia part are Karapinar, Mucur, Aksaray, Ladik, Gelveri, Incesu and Yahyali.
In Exchange Anatolia, all the primary colors are utilise, again with lotsof yellowness. The secondary colors greenish and purpleness are alsoused. Xanthous evidences and yellow-purple combinations are frequent. Mete in carpetings of this country aresometimes motley.
A really big, andadmittedly disparate, Eastern Anotalian country is more hard to delimit by prevalent color employments.
Although labelled by variety, Eastern Anatolian colors uses look generally darker. 2-3 rednesses, brownnesses and bluenesses are mentioned, oft as passage colors. Samy told thatlittle yellowness appears to beused in Eastern Anatolia ( although there are exclusions ). And white is frequently utilise tocreate compartment separations.
Geographical locations in Eastern Anatolia include Malatya, Gaziantep, Kagizman and Savak, simply to call a couple of.
Samy turned, now, to use this color utilisation typology to the pieces he holded took.
He begined with this niche designing from north-northwest Anatolia.
The employment of bluish ( saturated anil ) and red is typical for theYagcibedir ( near Balikesir ) rugs of the upper country of western Anatolia. Likewise, the employment of white to adumbrate the borderline of themihrab, and the secondary usage of orange on the outside delimitations, is typical of Yagcibedir and Yuncu carpetings.
His 2d piece is this Megri from southwesterly Anatolia, the Fethyie country.
Compared to the first instance of western Anatolia ( the Yagcibedir instance supra, or to Bergama or Ezine rugs ) remark the utilisation of yellowish and blueish as the primary colors, together with some ruby-red and light-green. The Milas, ADA Milas, Megri carpetings are typical representatives.
It is interesting to oppugn whether or not thereare seeable tribal influences in the color exercises of the northern and southern regions of western Anatolia.
The carpeting belowis thethird piece Samy conveyed. It was imputed to `` AdaMilas '' ( the actual rendering is `` island Milas ).
Samy 's following piece was imputed to Exchange Anatolia.
The following piece was a divan screen ( note approaches three sides but 4th side is completed; it is not fragmented ).
There is really small yellowness in that piece. Red and bluenesses are changed. The rednesses are from both madder and cochineal ( cochineal is utilise in western Anatolia but rattlingly frequently in the E ). There is a darker and a lighter blueness. This divan concealment is seen to hold been interwoven in Eastern Anatolia and is definitely evocative of the Small Shape Holbein rugs.
The following piece is a fragment of the grouping of carpet drawn as `` yellow-ground Konya settlement '' carpets.
This piece makes exhibit cherry-red, yellowish and blueish, the primary colors and the earth is yellowish. But italso hasthe secondary colors orange, dark-green and violet. The white land borderlines are `` piebald with the colors of the field devices.
A really nice supplication carpeting was submitted from the audience ( see Dr. Boehmer 's Rugs of Anatolia Home 40/pages 188/189
Exchange Anatolia.
Thenext carpeting Samy handled was this yastik.
Its proprietor stated that he stocked constituent because of the outstandingly big sum of purpleness utilized in it. He likewise told that Harald Bohmer, with it in his manuses, judged that all of the dyestuffs in it, including the strong orange, are natural. This piece is assigned to the Karapinar country of Exchange Anatolia or farther to the east.
The following piece was the Malatya kilim bag below.
The blueish charactor of its redness advises cochineal. Cochineal ruby-red occurs in western Anatolian weavings but is much more frequent in those from eastern Anatolia.
The following piece presented was this Kurdish Anatolia carpeting with a baklava designing. Observe the absence ofyellow.White is utilise effectivelyin the little delimitations that organize the compartmented facet of the designing. White points lighten the colour generally.
The following piece was believed likely tobe western Anatolia, more precisely north of Izmir instead than the South, most likely a Bergama type.
Remark to Samy: This piece holds striking yellowness and greens and looks to hold colors more like what we told carpet interwoven below Izmir in the west hold. Why make we see it as a Bergama carpet?
Observe to Lav: Please see that the yellowness in South Western Anatolia ( approximately a strong yellowness that we see in Exchange Anatolia rugs ), whereas in Northern Western Anatolia, the yellowness is more a mixture of orange and yellowness, as in the representative shown.... Contrast the yellownesses in the Megri or ADA Milas... Likewise designing wise the first and 3rd delimitation are oftentimes seen in Bergama type carpetings...
The undermentioned piece wasa classicBergama carpeting judged to hold been interwoven about 1800.
The following carpeting was this one ascribed to Karapinar.
An extra piece was this yatak interwoven by non-Kurdish nomads in the Konya country.
The following piece handled was likely from the Ladik country.
A following carpet was this one.
Remark to Samy: We ask an ascription on the carpet below.
The following piece demonstrated was this one belike from Kirsehir.
The following piece was assigned to Kirshehir.
The following piece exhibited was this little Western Anatolia, northerly of Izmir.
The undermentioned carpeting was this Karapinar yastik.
The nextpiece shown was this Malatya kilim bag.
The following carpeting was this Cardinal Anatolian yastik, interwoven in Taskale, near Karaman, employing man-made dyestuffs, around the1920-1930 's.
The following weaving exhibited was this Primal Anatolian yastik.
The following to thelast piece shownwas a HEYBE or donkey bag brom Western Anatolia ( the one Samy is keeping here ). It is a Yuncu.
This is a complete `` heybe, '' a Western Anatolian saddlebag set. Samy keeps one face. A long subdivision of the striped dorsum is exhibiting. The other face get on the opposite side of the stripy country at the terminal farthest from the one in Samy 's mitts. The sec of the two images above shows that, as is typical, there is a tying panel, longer than you would see on mostPersian saddle bags, and that it hasa sliced downwards its centre.
The last carpeting demoed in Samy 's session was interesting because it demonstrates Western features, but it could be a Bergama or possibly a Manastir typewoven in Western Anatolia.
In sum-up, Samy told, his image about discernibleregionaldifferences in color utilization in Anatolian carpetings is that:
In western Anatolian carpetings, the dominant colors are cherry and blueish for the upper component Bergama, Canakkale, Balikesir, Yuncu, Yagcibedir and Ezine. South of Bergama to Fethiye, we see all three primary colors cherry-red, bluish and yellowish.
In Exchange Anatolia, all of the primary colors are applied besides as secondary ones like light-green and violet. The yellowish land Konya rugs ( mostly from theCappadocia country ), and those from Karapinar, Karaman, Mucur, Aksaray, Ladik, Gelveri, Incesu, and Yahyali are model.
In Eastern Anatolia one asks to speak about the absence ofrules and of a ensuing variety. Rugs from this part are generally the darkest. The employment of close `` transitional '' colors such as Twenty-three rednesses or Twenty-three bluenesses, is common. Yellowness is generally absent, although there are elisions, especially when camel hair is exchanged with yellowish dyed woollen. Carpeting producing countries include Malatya, Gaziantep, Kagizman, Shavak...
It is an interesting, inventive effort to utilize color as an help to placing the regions within which Anatolian carpetings were likely woven. After all, the same staple ( local workses ) were available to weavers of the three different regions. Dyer 's weld, onion tegument and 30 plus workses affording the color yellowness is cognized throughout Anatolia, yet North Western Anatolia ( Bergama, Canakkale, Yagcibedir ) and especially Eastern Anatolia, especially Kurdish carpetings utilise really small xanthous whereas Exchange Anatolia and South Western Anatolia appear to wish the color yellowness. One should inquire the interrogation why?
The session stopped and folks come to the fore for the stuff and to inquire Samy extra interrogations.
My thanks to Samy for his permission and aid in producing this virtual version of his interesting RTAM progrgram.
Thanks alsoto Wendel Swan, who rendered a figure of the pieces demonstrated, and besides assisted in shapingthe text of this station.
I hopeyou hold relished this virtual RTAM progrgram.
R. Can Howe
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